Applied Entomology and Phytopathology

Survey of the factors causing fruit russet on Golden Delicious apple in (Semirom) (Short report)

Ahmad Heidarian

Volume 90, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 131-132

https://doi.org/10.22092/jaep.2022.358652.1436

Abstract

Fruit russeting has been recently widespread on apple fruits cultivar Golden Delicious, resulting in decreased quality and value, in Semirom, Isfahan province, Iran Two groups of fruit ... Read More Fruit russeting has been recently widespread on apple fruits cultivar Golden Delicious, resulting in decreased quality and value, in Semirom, Isfahan province, Iran Two groups of fruit russetting have been reported on the Golden Delicious cultivar. The first group has a genetic origin (Falginella et al., 2015) and the second group is related to environmental conditions, physical, mechanical and chemical factors, pests, pathogens and management practices. The amount of russet is affected by various factors such as weather conditions (rainfall, coldness, relative humidity, light quality on the fruit surface), chemicals (nutrients, hormones or fungicides), mechanical injury and pests' damage (Goffinet et al., 2002). In addition, fruit russet could be formed by epiphytic bacteria or yeasts (Goffinet et al., 2002; Heidarianet al. 2020), causative agent of apple powdery mildew (Podospha eraleucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E. S. Salmon) and apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali. The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence and development of fruit rust on Golden Delicious apple cultivar. Therefore, random sampling was performed from three major cultivation regions of Semirom city, having different climates. In each region three orchards were selected and in each orchard, 50 fruits were sampled three times in two consecutive years, from the time of symptom occurrence until harvest time. Samples were inspected in the laboratory in terms of rust type, percentage of russetted fruits (RI%) and fruit russeting index (FRI), based on predetermined scales. The results showed that based on the typical symptoms, there are four types of rust as follows on apple fruit in Semirom orchards. 1) Caused by a yeast-like fungus: It occurs in the stem-end cavity of the fruit, forming a brown fluffy tissue. The pathogenicity of this agent was proven (Heidarian et al. 2020). 2) Rust caused by powdery mildew: It is tan or gray color and has a mesh-like appearance. 3) Physiological rust: It is a type of sunburn called brown sunburn. 4) Rust caused by spraying chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides: It usually occurs in places of the fruits where there is a possibility of accumulation of particles and is usually associated with burning of foliage. Mean Comparison indicated that the highest percentage of russetted fruits (73.25%) and fruit russeting index (37.7%) belonged to the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans and the lowest of these values, 1.66% and 1.45%, respectively belonged to chemical spraying. Moreover, the results showed that 80% of Golden Delicious fruits have russetted with varying degrees of contamination, of which 53.6% were russetted by one factor and 36.83% by two or more factors.

First report of damage from apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali in Iran (Short report)

Mohammad Reza Nematollahi; Ahmad Heidarian; Hashem Kamali; Hassan Almasi

Volume 89, Issue 1 , September 2021, , Pages 127-128

https://doi.org/10.22092/jaep.2021.343419.1355

Abstract

Fruit russeting is one of the important symptoms affecting marketing of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruits. The study had been conducted in Semirom region, Iran, in 2019 ... Read More Fruit russeting is one of the important symptoms affecting marketing of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruits. The study had been conducted in Semirom region, Iran, in 2019 showed that one of casuals of fruit russeting is stem-end russeting caused by yeast-like fungi Aureobasidium sp. (Heidarian et al., 2020). Easterbrook and Fuller (1986) reported apple rust mite, Aculus schelchtendali Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyidae) as a causative of russeting on apple fruits. In some orchards of Semirom region, in addition to two common cultivars (Red Delicious and Golden Delicious), several other cultivars (including Golab-e-Isfahan, Golab-e-Kohanz, Miracle, Granny Smith and Fuji) were also cultivated. Miracle is one of the apple cultivars was recently introduced to the country and its cultivation area has been increased. This cultivar has export value and a high marketability due to its desirable color. During the study on the causative agents of fruit russeting in 2017 and 2018, some rusted fruits of Miracle cultivar were found, with similar symptoms to apple rust mite. Infested leaf and fruit samples were collected, and their microscopic slides were prepared in the laboratory after clearing the mites. To check possible infestation of different apple cultivars to the mite, their leaf and fruit samples were collected and compared with the typical symptoms of its damage. Specimens of the mite were identified by the third author as Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyidae). In Iran, apple rust mite was reported firstly by Sadeghi Nameghi (1995) from Mashhad on apple leaves. However, this is the first report of the mite as the causing agent of fruit russeting in Iran. Examination of the infested fruits showed that the damage appears as russeting around the calyx which gradually covers the entire surface of the fruit to varying degrees. Moreover, feeding of the mite on underside of the leaves causes browning of the leaves in summer (Figure 1). Generally, damage intensity and fruit russeting from apple rust mite is related to population density of the mite, cultivar and plant age (Easterbrook and Fuller, 1986). In the present study, damage of apple rust mite was found only on Miracle cultivar. Regarding increasing of cultivation area of this cultivar in some apple orchards around the country, it is necessary to be careful for possible increase of population density of apple rust mite, because the mite, in addition to direct damage, could reduce marketability of the cultivar, due to the occurrence of fruit russeting.

Rootsock × scion interaction effects of apple on powdery midew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.) Salm.) disease in Esfahan province

Ahmad Heidarian

Volume 88, Issue 2 , March 2021, , Pages 251-262

https://doi.org/10.22092/jaep.2020.341597.1323

Abstract

Apple powdery mildew is one of the most important apple diseases (Malus domestica Borkh) in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate interaction effects between some common ... Read More

Nutritional effects of apple trees on Cytospora canker severity (Cytospora cincta) in Semirom orchards

A. HEIDARIAN; M. TADAYON NEJAD

Volume 86, No. 1 , September 2018, , Pages 13-28

https://doi.org/10.22092/jaep.2018.109259.1152

Abstract

Preliminary studies on nutritional status of 29 commercial Golden Delicious orchards infected to Cytospora canker disease, showed defficiecy of potassium and calcium and excess of nitrogen ... Read More

Etiology of spot occurrence on apple fruits in Semirom region, Iran

A. HEIDARIAN; M. R. NEMATOLLAHI

Volume 84, No. 1 , September 2016, , Pages 105-118

https://doi.org/10.22092/jaep.2016.106537

Abstract

In recent years, spot symptoms occurred and developed on fruits of apples in the commercial orchards of Semirom, Iran. Plant protection investigations revealed different causes inducing ... Read More

Hybridization between some Iranian and commercial apple cultivars and resistance assessment of the hybrids to Apple Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

A. HEIDARIAN; M. PIRMORADIAN

Volume 83, No. 2 , March 2016, , Pages 237-246

https://doi.org/10.22092/jaep.2016.106120

Abstract

A crossing program was initiated between three native golab varieties (kohans, Soltani and Esfahan) and three commercial cultivars (Mcintosh, Red spur and Gala) and the relative susceptibility ... Read More

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Author = Ahmad Heidarian

Survey of the factors causing fruit russet on Golden Delicious apple in (Semirom) (Short report)

Abstract

First report of damage from apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali in Iran (Short report)

Abstract

Rootsock × scion interaction effects of apple on powdery midew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.) Salm.) disease in Esfahan province

Abstract

Nutritional effects of apple trees on Cytospora canker severity (Cytospora cincta) in Semirom orchards

Abstract

Etiology of spot occurrence on apple fruits in Semirom region, Iran

Abstract

Hybridization between some Iranian and commercial apple cultivars and resistance assessment of the hybrids to Apple Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

Abstract