In collaboration with Iranian Phytopathological Society

Document Type : Pest Management

Authors

Abstract

A crossing program was initiated between three native golab varieties (kohans, Soltani and Esfahan) and three commercial cultivars (Mcintosh, Red spur and Gala) and the relative susceptibility of genotypes to powsery mildew was assessed. At the time of swelling buds, commercial trees were isolated by cloth mesh. At the time of blossoming, several consecutive, hand pollination were carried out by pollen grains of male parents . After ripening, the fruit harvested and the seeds were planted in greenhouse condition. Apple powdery mildew spore suspension, prepared and three times in two days intervals sprayed on progenies at two to four leaf stage. Two weeks after the last spraying, assessment was carried out based on a 0-7 index. Of the 191, 2281, 9178 and 10949 seeds in 2008 to 2011, 69, 265, 438 and 180 progenies resistant obtained, respectively. Among the different crossing plans, Red spur♀ × Golabe Soltani♂, Red spur♀ × Golabe Kohanz♂, Gala♀ × Golabe Esfahan ♂and Gala× Golabe soltani, had the highest rate of resistance level with the 177, 172, 164 and 157 progenies resistant, respectively based on the 4 years assessment. In the second assessment based on some horticultural traits 56 resistance genotypes selected and their resistance assessed in natural conditions for 3 years and grouped using a tree diagram after cluster analysis by SPSS software.

Keywords

BROWN, S. and MALINAY, K. 2005. Recent advance in apple breeding genetics and new cultivars. New Yourk Fruit Quarterly, 13 (1): 3-5.
CALENGE, F. and DUREL, C. E. 2006. Both stable and unstable QTLs for resistance to powdery mildew are detected in apple after four years of field assessments. Molecular Breeding, 17: 329-339.
FERREE, D. C. and WARRINGTON, I. J. 2003. Apples, botany, production and uses. CABI publishing.
FICSHER, C., 2000b. Apple breeding in the federal centre for plant breeding research institute for fruit breeding at Dresden-Pillnitz. Germany Acta Horticulturae, 538: 225-227.
FISCHER, C. 2000a. Multiple resistant apple cultivars and consequence for apple breeding in the future, Germany Acta Horticulturae, 538: 229-234.
FLACHOWSKY, H., HANKE, M. V., PEIL, A., STRAUSS S. H. and FLADUNG, M. 2009. A review on transgenic approaches to accelerate breeding of woody plants. Plant Breeding, 128: 217-226.
FRANCOIS, L. 2003. French apple breeding program: a new partnership between TNRA and the nurserymen of NOVADI. Acta Horticulturae, 622 ISHS.
GELVONASKIS, B., DUCHOVSKIS, P. and BANDARAVICIENE, G. 2000. Investigation of winter hardiness and cold hardiness in apple progenies. Acta Horticulturae, 538: 277-280.
HEIDARIAN, A. and PIRMORADIAN, M. 2012. Relative susceptibility of some commercial and native apple cultivars to powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) under natural conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 48 (1): 129-133 (in Persian with English summary).
HEIDARIAN, A. and KARIMI SHAHRI, M. R. 2014. To evaluate the efficacy of the fungicide tetraconazole against apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha Ellis. and Everh.). Pesticides in Plan Protection Sciences, 1 (1): 1-7 (in Persian with English summary).
JANSE J., VERHAEGH, J. J. and NIJS, A. P. M. 1994. Early selection for partial resistance to powdery mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. and Ev.) Salm. in apple genotypes. Euphytica, 77: 7-9.
Jones, A. L. and Aldwinckle, H. S. 2002. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, 2ed. The American Phytopathological Society, Mundi-Prensa Madrid.
JOSHI S., SORIANO, J. M.,. SCHAART, J., BROGGINI, G. A. L., SZANKOWSKI, I., JACOBSEN, E., KRENS F.and SCHOUTEN, H. J. 2009. Approaches for development of cisgenic apples. Transgenic Plant Journal, 3: 40-46.
KALANTARI, S., 1992. Identification of apple cultivar of Karaj. MSc. Thesis, submitted to Tehran University, Iran (in Persian with English summary).
KOZLOVSKAY, Z. A., MARUDO G. M. and RYVABTSEY, A. S. 2000. Some results of the apple breeding programs in Belarus. Acta Horticulturae, 538: 219-223.
MANIEI, A. 1992. Apple and its breeding. Technical Publishing Company of Iran., 376 p (in Persian with English summary).
MARINE, S. C., YODER K. S. and BAUDOIN, A. 2010. Powdery mildew of apple,. Plant Health Instructor 10.1094/PHI-I-2010-1021-01 (in Persian with English summary).
NOITON, D. A. M. and ALSPACH, P. A. 1996. Founding clones, inbreeding co ancestry, and status number of modern apple cultivars. Journal of American Society Horticulture Science, 121: 773-782.
PATZAK, J., PAPRSTEIN F. and HENYCHOVA, A. 2011. Identification of apple scab and powdery mildew resistance genes in Czech apple (Malus×domestica) genetic resources by PCR molecular markers. Czech Journal Genetic Plant Breeding, 47 (4): 156-165.
PAZ-CUADRA, A., GUZMAN-PANTOIA, L. E., MARTINEZ-PENICHE, R. A., CALTZONTZIN-FERNANDEZ, C. K. K., PACHECO-AGUILAR, G. R. and ARVIZU-MEDRANO, S. M. 2014. Evaluation of the susceptibility of apple genotypes in Queretaro, Mexico to powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha). Scientia Horticulturae, 170: 53-60.
ROEN, D., MOE, S. and NORNES, L. 2000. Early ripening apple cultivars from Norway. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 538: 685-688.
SCHOUTEN, H., KRENZ F. A. and JACOBSEN, E. 2006. Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants. EMBO Reports, 7: 750753.
SHOLBERG, P. L., LANE, W. D., HAAG, P., BEDFORD K. and LASHUK, L. 2001. A novel technique for evaluation of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars for susceptibility to powdery mildew. Canadian Journal Plant Science, 81: 289-296.
SORIANO J. M., JOSHI, S. G., VAN KAAUWEN, M., NOORDIJK, Y., GROENWOLD, R., HENKEN, B. W. E., VAN DE WEG and SCHOULEN, H. J. 2009. Identification and mapping of the novel apple scab resistance gene Vd3. Tree Genetics and Genomes,5: 475-482.
URBANOVICH O. and KAZLOVSKAYA, Z. 2008. Identifica­tion of scab resistance genes in apple trees by mo­lecular markers. Scientific Works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Sodininkyste ir Daržininkyste,27: 347-357.
WANG, Y., LIU, Y., HE, P., CHEN, J., LAMIKANRA O., and LU, J. 1995. Evaluation of foliar resistance to Uncinula necator in Chinese wild Vitis species. Vitis, 34 (3): 159-164.