In collaboration with Iranian Phytopathological Society

Document Type : Plant Pathology

Authors

1 Researcher, Plant Protection Research Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran.

2 Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.

3 Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Garlic is an herbaceous plant from the Alliaceae, which ranks second among Allium species after onions in terms of global production. Garlic is one of the most widely grown crops in Tarom County, Zanjan Province, Iran. Recently, a new disease with symptoms of severe yellowing and terminal drying of the leaves, known as garlic yellowing disease, was observed in many fields of Tarom County of Zanjan province. To identify the causal agent and assess the prevalence of garlic yellowing disease in Tarom, symptomatic leaves were collected from fields for three years. After isolation, the cause of garlic yellowing disease was identified as Stemphylium vesicarium, based on both morphological characteristics and sequencing of the rDNA-ITS, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and calmodulin (cmdA) genomic regions. A severe epidemic of yellowing disease on garlic caused by S. vesicarium was found in all garlic fields in Tarom. 
 

Keywords

Main Subjects

ABYANEH, H. Z., M. B. VARKESHI, A. GHASEMI, S. MAROFI, and R. A. CHAYJAN, 2011. Determination of water requirement, single and dual crop coefficient of garlic ('Allium sativum') in the cold semi-arid climate. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(8): 1050-1054.
AGRIOS, G. N, 2005. Plant pathology: Elsevier 922 pp.
ANONYMOUS. 2021. Agricultural Production Report. The Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran.
ANSARY, J., T. Y. FORBES-HERNANDEZ, E. GIL, D. CIANCIOSI, J. ZHANG, M. ELEXPURU-ZABALETA, J. SIMAL-GANDARAa, F. GIAMPIERI, and M. BATTINO, 2020. Potential health benefit of garlic based on human intervention studies: A brief overview. Antioxidants, 9(7): 619. DOI :10.3390/antiox9070619.
AVELING, T., H. SNYMAN, and S. NAUDE,1993. Evaluation of seed treatments for reducing Alternaria porri and Stemphylium vesicarium on onion seed. Plant disease, 77(10): 1009-1011. DOI : 10.1094/PD-77-1009.
BASALLOTE‐UREBA, M., A. PRADOS‐LIGERO, and J. MELERO‐VARA,1999. Aetiology of leaf spot of garlic and onion caused by Stemphylium vesicarium in Spain. Plant Pathology, 48(1): 139-145. DOI :10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00313.x.
BASALLOTE, M., A. PRADOS, A. PEREZ DE ALGABA, and  J. MELERO-VARA,1993. First report in Spain of two leaf spots of garlic caused by Stemphylium vesicarium. Plant Disease, 77(9). DOI : 10.1094/PD-77-0952A.
BASALLOTE‐UREBA, M., A. PRADOS‐LIGERO, 2004. The garlic leaf spots caused by Stemphylium vesicarium in Andalusia [Spain]. Agricultura. Serie Sanidad Vegetal-Junta de Andalucía (Spain).70 pp.
BERBEE, M., M. PIRSEYEDI, and S. HUBBARD,  1999. Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences. Mycologia, 91(6):  964-977. DOI :10.1080/00275514.1999.12061106.
BOITEUX, I., M. LIMA, J. M. SOBRINHO, and C. LOPES, 1994. A garlic (Allium sativum) leaf blight caused by Stemphylium vesicarium in Brazil. Plant Pathology, 43(2): 412-414. DOI :10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb02704.x.
BRAHMANAGE, R. S., D. N. WANASINGHE, M. C. DAYARATHNE, R., JEEWON, J. YAN, T. S. BULGAKOV, E. CAMPORESI, P. KAKUMYAN, K. D. HYDE, and  X. LI, 2019. Morphology and phylogeny reveal Stemphylium dianthi sp. nov. and new host records for the sexual morphs of S. beticola, S. gracilariae, S. simmonsii and S. vesicarium from Italy and Russia. Phytotaxa, 411(4): 243–263. DOI : 10.11646/phytotaxa.411.4.1.
BREWSTER, J. 1994. Weed competition and bulb yield of garlic. Onion and Other Vegetable Alliums, 3: 406.
BREWSTER, J. L. 2008. Onions and other vegetable alliums: CABI. Crop Production Science in Horticulture, 15.
CHRETIEN, P. L., C. E. MORRIS, M. DUFFAUD , and C. LEYRONAS, 2021. Aetiology of garlic rot, an emerging disease in France. Plant Pathology, 70(6): 1276-1291. DOI : 10.1111/ppa.13394. DOI :10.1080/14620316.1996.11515380.
DIRIBA-SHIFERAW, G. 2016. Review of management strategies of constraints in garlic (Allium sativum L.) production. Journal of Agricultural Sciences- Sri Lanka, 11(3): 186-207.
FAO. 2021. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Available in: http: //faostat.fao.org/country profiles/.
GALVEZ, L., J., GIL-SERNA,  M., I GARCIA, C., GLESIAS, and  D. PALMERO, 2016. Stemphylium leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum) in Spain: taxonomy and in vitro fungicide response. The Plant Pathology Journal, 32(5): 388.
GRAF, S., H., BOHLEN-JANSSEN, S. MIESSNER, A. WICHURA, and G. STAMMLER, 2016. Differentiation of Stemphylium vesicarium from Stemphylium botryosum as causal agent of the purple spot disease on asparagus in Germany. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 144: 411-418. DOI : 10.1007/s10658-015-0777-6
HASSAN, M., A. ALLAM, K. ABO‐ELYOUSR, and M. HUSSEIN, 2007. First report of Stemphylium leaf blight of onion caused by Stemphylium vesicarium in Egypt. Plant Pathology, 56(4): 724-724. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01596.x
INDERBITZIN, P., Y. R. MEHTA, and M. L. BERBEE, 2009. Pleospora species with Stemphylium anamorphs: a four locus phylogeny resolves new lineages yet does not distinguish among species in the Pleospora herbarum clade. Mycologia, 101(3): 329-339. Doi:10.3852/08-071
KAMENETSKY, R., and  H. D. RABINOWITCH, 2001. Floral development in bolting garlic. Sexual plant reproduction, 13: 235-241. Doi:10.1007/s004970000061
KOHL, J.,  B. GROENENBOOM-DE HAAS, H. GOOSSEN-VAN DE GEIJN, A. SPEKSNIJDER,  P. KASTELEIN, S. DE HOOG, and B. GERRITS VAN DEN ENDE, 2009. Pathogenicity of Stemphylium vesicarium from different hosts causing brown spot in pear. European Journal of Plant Pathology 124: 151- 162. Doi:10.1007/s10658-008-9402-2
LAWRENCE, D. P., P. B. GANNIBAL, T. L. PEEVER, and B. M. PRYOR, 2013. The sections of Alternaria: formalizing species-group concepts. Mycologia, 105(3): 530-546. Doi:10.3852/12-249
MENGESHA, W., A. TESFAYE, and M. Djene, 2016. Evaluation of fungicides on the control of garlic rust (Pucinnia allii) in Eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 6(1): 27-33.
NOVAES, R., J. RODRIGUES, and  M. LOVATO, 2009. An efficient protocol for tissue sampling and DNA isolation from the stem bark of  Leguminosae trees. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8(1): 86-96.
NUSKIYA, F. 2019. Up-country vegetable production and marketing: challenges and opportunities. SEUSL Journal of Marketing, Vol. 4, No.2, 2019.
OMIDBAIGI, R. 2010. Approaches for Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. Behnashr Publication, Iran 424 pp. (in Farsi)
PAL, A. K., and K. BASUCHAUDHARY, 1976. new leaf blight of garlic caused by Cladosporium echlnulatum (Berk) de Vries, from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Current Science.
POLAT, Z., G. BESIRLI, I. SONMEZ, and B. YAVUZ, 2012. First report of Stemphylium leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum) caused by Stemphylium vesicarium in Turkey. New Diseae Reports, 25: 29. Doi:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2012.025.029.
PRADOS-LIGERO, A., J. GONZALEZ-ANDUJAR, J, MELERO-VARA, and M. BASALLOTE-UREBA,1998. Development of Pleospora allii on garlic debris infected by Stemphylium vesicarium. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104: 861-870 Doi:10.1023/A:1008619604684.
RAGHAVENDRA RAO, N., and  M. PAVGI, 1975. Stemphylium leaf blight of onion. Mycopathologia, 56(2): 113-118. Doi: 10.1007/BF00472582.
SCHUBERT, K., J. GROENEWALD, U. BRAUN, J. DIJKSTERHUIS, M. STARINK,  C. HILL, P. ZALAR, G. DE HOOG, and P. CROUS, 2007. Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Studies in Mycology, 58: 105-156. Doi: 10.3114/sim.2007.58.05.
SHARIFI, K., S. SHEIKHI, and  E. MAGAMI, 2021. First report of garlic leaf blight caused by Stemphylium vesicarium in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology, 103(3): 1007-1007.
SIMMONS, E. G. 1969. Perfect states of Stemphylium. Mycologia, 61(1): 1-26.
SUHERI, H., and T. PRICE, 2000a. Infection of onion leaves by Alternaria porri and Stemphylium vesicarium and disease development in controlled environments. Plant pathology, 49(3): 375-382. Doi: 10.1071/AP00034.
SUHERI, H., and T. PRICE, 2000b. Stemphylium leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum) in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 29: 192-199.
TABOR, G., and  A. ZELEKE, 2000. Achievements in shallot and garlic research. EARO Research Report (Ethiopia), No.36.
VAGHEFI, N., S. M. THOMPSON,  R. B. KIMBER, G. J. THOMAS, P. KANT,  M. J. BARBETII, and  J. A. VAN LEUR, 2020. Multi-locus phylogeny and pathogenicity of Stemphylium species associated with legumes in Australia. Mycological Progress, 19: 381-396. Doi:10.1007/s11557-020-01566-8.
WHITE, T. J., T. BRUNS,  S. LEE, and J. TAYLOR, 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications, 18(1): 315- 322.
 WOUDENBERG J. H. C., J. Z. GROENEWALD M. BINDER and P. W. CROUS, 2013. Alternaria redefined. Studies in Mycology, 75(1): 171-212.
WOUDENBERG J. H. C., B. HANSE, G. C. M. Van LEEUWEN , J. Z. GROENEWALD  and P. W. CROUS, 2017. Stemphylium revisited. Studies in Mycology, 87(1): 77-103.
ZERAY, S., and  Y. MOHAMMED, 2013. Searching and evaluating of cost effective management options of garlic white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk) in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 4(7).
ZHENG, L., J. HUANG, and T. HSIANG, 2008. First report of leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum) caused by Stemphylium solani in China. Plant Pathology, 57(2): 380. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01724.x.
ZHENG, L., T. HSIANG,  and J. HUANG, 2009. Host range and phytotoxicity of Stemphylium solani, causing leaf blight of garlic (Allium sativum) in China. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 124: 21-30. Doi:10.1007/s10658-008-9387-x.
ZHENG, L., J., HUANG, D., JIANG, X., LIU, and T. HSIANG, 2010. Integrated control of garlic leaf blight caused by Stemphylium solani in China. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 32 (2): 135- 145. Doi:  10.1080/0706066102010.484233.