با همکاری انجمن‏‌ بیماری شناسی گیاهی ایران

نوع مقاله : مدیریت آفات و بیماری‌های گیاهی

نویسندگان

1 گروه گیاه پزشکی ،دانشکده کشاورزی ، دانشگاه زابل، ایران

2 بخش حشره شناسی کشاورزی، مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

3 بخش رده بندی حشرات، موسسه تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی کشور.

4 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل

5 مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.

6 محقق/موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور

چکیده

پشه سیارید Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz) (Diptera: Sciaridae) و مگس فورید (Diptera: Phoridae) (Wood) Megaselia halterata آفات عمده قارچ­ پرورشی Imbach (Lange) Agaricus bisporius هستند. امروزه این آفات با حشره­کش­های شیمیایی کنترل می­شوند، بررسی حساسیت آن­ها به حشره­کش­های مجاز کشور امری ضروری است. در این مطالعه حساسیت لارو هر دو آفت به چهار حشره­کش از گروه­های مختلف شامل: پیری‌پروکسی فن و سیرومازین از تنظیم کننده­های رشد حشرات (IGR)، تری کلرفن از گروه فسفره آلی و سایپرمترین از گروه پایرتروئیدها ارزیابی شد. زیست سنجی لاروها دربستر کشت قارچ خوراکی انجام شد و LC50 براساس ظهور حشرات کامل محاسبه گردید. مقدار LC50 حشره­کش­های پیری‌پروکسی‌فن، سیرومازین، سایپرمترین و تری کلرفن روی لارو سیارید به‌ترتیب 46/1، 15/31، 96/47 و 8/103 و روی لارو فورید به‌ترتیب 25/7 ، 6/189، 96/69 و 8/86 میلی­گرم بر لیتر بر اساس ماده مؤثره تعیین شد. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده حشره­کش پیری‌پروکسی فن روی لارو هر دو آفت بیشترین سمیت را دارد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Susceptibility of mushroom dipteran larvae to four different groups of registered insecticides in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahbobbeh Mirzaei 1
  • Aziz sheikhigarjan 2
  • Ebrahim Gilasian 3
  • Sultan Ravan 4
  • Hossein Khabbaz Jolfaee 5
  • Ali Mohammadipour 6

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran

2 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

3 dept. Insects Taxonomy,Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection

4 Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zabol University

5 Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.

6 Research Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Lycoriella auripila (Winn.) (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Megaselia halterata (wood.) (Diptera: Phoridae) are major pests of cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lge.) Imbach. They are controlled by chemical insecticides. It is necessary to study the toxicity of insecticides against the dipteran pests of mushrooms. This research investigated the toxicity of four commercial insecticides against the larval stage of the pests including pyriproxyfen and cyromazine from insect growth regulator group (IGRs), trichlorfon and cypermethrin from organophosphorus and pyrethroid groups respectively. The insecticides bioassay with sciarid and phorid larvae were conducted in the growing medium of mushroom. Insecticide treatments were incorporated into growing medium. The LC50 values of the insecticides were determined by emerged adults. The values of LC50 against the sciarid larvae for pyriproxyfen, cyromazine, cypermethrin and trichlorfon were 1.46, 31.15, 47.96 and 103.8 and for phorid larvae7.25, 189.65, 69.96 and 86.8 mg ai/L respectively. Pyriproxyfen was more toxic insecticide on larvae of both the pests.
 
پشه سیارید Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz) (Diptera: Sciaridae) و مگس فورید (Diptera: Phoridae) (Wood) Megaselia halterata آفات عمده قارچ­ پرورشی Imbach (Lange) Agaricus bisporius هستند. امروزه این آفات با حشره­کش­های شیمیایی کنترل می­شوند، بررسی حساسیت آن­ها به حشره­کش­های مجاز کشور امری ضروری است. در این مطالعه حساسیت لارو هر دو آفت به چهار حشره­کش از گروه­های مختلف شامل: پیری‌پروکسی فن و سیرومازین از تنظیم کننده­های رشد حشرات (IGR)، تری کلرفن از گروه فسفره آلی و سایپرمترین از گروه پایرتروئیدها ارزیابی شد. زیست سنجی لاروها دربستر کشت قارچ خوراکی انجام شد و LC50 براساس ظهور حشرات کامل محاسبه گردید. مقدار LC50 حشره­کش­های پیری‌پروکسی‌فن، سیرومازین، سایپرمترین و تری کلرفن روی لارو سیارید به‌ترتیب 46/1، 15/31، 96/47 و 8/103 و روی لارو فورید به‌ترتیب 25/7 ، 6/189، 96/69 و 8/86 میلی­گرم بر لیتر بر اساس ماده مؤثره تعیین شد. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده حشره­کش پیری‌پروکسی فن روی لارو هر دو آفت بیشترین سمیت را دارد.
واژه­های کلیدی: سیارید،زیست سنجی،  فورید، IGR
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bioassay
  • IGR
  • Phorid
  • Sciarid
BABAR, M. H., M. ASHFAQ, M. AFZAL, M. H. BASHIR and M. A. ALI. 2012. Efficacy of different insecticides against mushroom phorid Fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood) in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 4: 183-188.
BABAR, M. H., M. ASHFAQ, M. AFZAL, M. H. BASHIR and M. A. ALI. 2014. Efficacy of different insecticides against mushroom sciarid Fly , Lycoriella auripila in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 13: 50-55.
BARTLETT, G. R. and C. B. KEIL. 1997. Identification and characterization of a permethrin resistance mechanism in the fungus gnat Lycoriella mali (Fitch) (Diptera: Sciaridae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 58: 173-181.
CHERAGHI, M., N. MARDOKH ROHANI and B. LORESTANI. 2013. Evaluation of heavy metal concentration in compost, soil cover and button mushroom in Kurdistan greenhouses. Journal of Food Hygiene, 2: 81-104.
CLANCY, G. 1981. Observations of mites associated with the low yielding crops of cultivated Agaricus bisporus in Australia. Mushroom Science, 11: 233-244.
CLIFT, A. D. 1979. The identity, economic importance and control of insect pests of mushrooms in New South Wales, Australia. Mushroom Science, 2: 367–383.
EMAMJOMEH, L., S. IMANI and F. VARASTEH. 2013. Determination of diazinon and endosulfan residue mushroom (Agaricus bisporius). Journal of Applied Microbiology in Food Industry, 2: 1-6.
ERLER, F., E. POLAT, H. DEMIR, M. CATAL and T. ERDEMIR. 2009a. Control of the mushroom phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), with plant extracts. Pest Management Science, 65: 144-149.
ERLER, F., E. POLAT, H. DEMIR, M. CATAL and T. ERDEMIR. 2009b. Evaluation of microbial products for the control of the mushroom phorid fly,
 
 
 
Megaselia halterata (Wood). Journal of Entomological Science, 44: 89-97.
ERLER, F., E. POLAT, H. DEMIR, M. CATAL, and G. TUNA. 2011. Control of mushroom sciarid fly Lycoriella ingenua populations with insect growth regulators applied by soil drench. Journal of Economic Entomology, 104: 839-844.
FLETCHER, J. T. and R. H. GAZE. 2008. Mushroom Pest and Disease Control. Manson Publishing, London, 192p.
GREENSLADE, P. and CLIFT, A. 2004. Review of pest arthropods recorded from commercial mushroom farms in Australia. Australasian Mycologist, 23:77-93.
HUSSEY, N. W. and B. GURNEY. 1968. Biology and control of the sciarid Lycoriella auripila Winn. (Diptera: Lycoriidae) in mushroom culture. Annals of Applied Biology, 62:395-403.
JACEWICZ, D. J. and E. BYKOWSKA. 1989. Effect of some IGR insecticides on mushroom mycelial growth. Mushroom Science, 12: 877- 882.
KIELBASA, R. D. and R. J. SNETSINGER. 1980. Life history of a sciarid fly, Lycoriella mali, and its injury threshold on the commercial mushroom. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 833:14 p.
LEWIS, K.A., A. GREEN, J. TZILIVAKIS, and D., WARNER. 2020. The Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) Developed by the Agriculture & Environment Research Unit. University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved January 6, 2020, from https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz_insect.htm.MARZBAN, R., A. SHAIKHI GARJAN, M. MIRZAY, A. MOHAMMADIPOOR, E. GILASIAN, R. ESLAMIZADEH, and H. KHABAZ. 2018. Evaluation of the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis in the biological control of Dipteran pests of mushroom in the laboratory and the farm. Bio Control in Plant Protection, 5: 55–63.
NAVARRO, M. J., J.CARRASCO and F. J. ANDGEA. 2014. Chemical and biological control of diptera in Spanish mushroom crops. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, 549-556.
RICHARDSON, P. N. and P. S. GREWAL. 1991. Comparative assessment of biological (Nematoda: Steinernema feltiae) and chemical methods of control for the mushroom fly, Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Sciaridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 1: 217-228.
SCHALPFER, T., T. COTTI and J. L. MOORE. 1986. Cyromazine, a new insect growth regulator for leafminer control. Proceedings of the British Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases, 1: 123-128.
SCHEEPMAKER, J. W. A., F. P. GEELS, P. H. SMITS and L. J. L. D. VANGRIENSVEN. 1997. Location of immature stage of the mushroom insect pest Megaselia halterata in mushroom growing medium. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83: 323-327.
SHAMSHAD, A. 2010. The development of integrated pest management for the control of mushroom sciarid flies, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour) and Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock), in cultivated mushrooms. Pest Management Science, 66: 1063-1074.
SHAMSHAD, A., A. D. CLIFT and S. MANSFIELD. 2008. Toxicity of six commercially formulated insecticides and biopesticides to third instar larvae of mushroom sciarid, Lycoriella ingenua Dufour (Diptera: Sciaridae), in New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 47: 256-260.
SHIRVANI-FARSANI, N., A. A. ZAMANI, S. ABBASI, and K. KHERADMAND. 2013. Toxicity of three insecticides and tobacco extract against the fungus gnat, Lycoriella auripila and the economic injury level of the gnat on button mushroom. Journal of Pest Science, 1-7.
SMITH, J. E. 2002. Dimilin resistance in mushroom sciarids. Mushroom Journal, 656: 15.
SMITH, J. E. 2004. An Integrated Pest and Disease Management System against Mushroom Sciarid. Retrieved January 22, 2019, from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/whri/research/mushroompests/ipmsciarids.pdf
SMITH, J. E. and P. F. WHITE. 1996. Diazinon resistance in mushroom pests. HDC Project News, 36: 12–15.
SOBHANARDAKANI, S., S. SADRI and S. JAMEHBOZORGI. 2014. Evaluation of organophosphorus pesticide diazinon residue in greenhouse crops using spectrophotometry (Case Study: Mushroom). Journal of Food Hygiene, 3: 73-88.
TALEBI, A. A., A. A. ZAMANY and E. MOHAMMADI GOLTAPEH. 2003. Identification and description of some injurious dipterous pest of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) in karaj. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 71: 91-102.
TIANCONG, Y., Y. LEI, X. TING, N. HONG TAO and L. WANCHUN. 2006. Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos· Cypermethrin 50% EC to Bradysia odoriphaga. Journal Pesticide Science and Administration. Abstract:http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-NYKG200605009.htm>
WETZEL, H. A. 1981. Integrated pest management. Mushroom News, 29: 29-33.
WHITE, P. F. 1986. The effect of sciarid larvae (Lycoriella auripila) on cropping of the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Annals of Applied Biology, 109: 11-17.
WHITE, P. F. 1987. The mushroom pest complex – its affect on yield and quality. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Scientific and Technical Aspects of Cultivating Edible Fungi, University Park, Pennsylvania, 301–310.
WHITE, P. F. 1988. The potential of cyromazine for mushroom pest control. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases, 1: 193-198.
WHITE, P. F. 1997. The use of chemicals, antagonists, repellents and physical barriers for the control of Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Sciaridae), a pest of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Annals of Applied Biology, 131: 29-42.